I. Civilization over the last 10000 years

001

Bottom-up revolution of democracy in northern African countries since 2011

002

Information revolution, first computer, Internet, and Google from the USA

003

Drilling oil technology, Oklahoma, USA

004

Extensive industrial use of iron from Big Five Great Lakes district, North America

005

Industrial Revolution, the first railway, aircraft, automobile

006

Inca culture in Chile

007

Mesopotamian civilization, and wet climates (5000 years ago)

008

Nazca, huge monuments in Peru, Pyramids in Mexico

009

Indus Civilization

010

Yellow River Civilization

011

Noah's Flood and northern coast of Black Sea (10000 years ago, the beginning of agriculture and birth of primitive civilization).

II. Living creatures, ecosystem, topography, and active volcanoes

012

Living stromatolites in Hamelin Pool, western Australia

013

Non-flying birds in New Zealand

014

East African rift valley and birthplace of human beings

015

Zhoukoudian Cave of Beijing ancient man

016

Java ancient man in Indonesia

017

Neanderthal man in France

018

First wall paintings in Altamira, France

019

First super-architecture built by humans: Pyramids and Sphinx in Egypt

020

The Great Barrier Reef along the eastern margin of Australia, Reefs in the Central Pacific, and Darwins' speculation of the history of reefs

021

Modern analog of 600 Ma-old special environment for the origins of metazoans, examples from Tasmania

022

Hydrothermal bio-communities in active geothermal fields, New Zealand

023

Mat-formed ecosystem at mid-oceanic ridge on-land, Iceland

024

Bio-communities in extremely cold environments, Antarctica and elsewhere, and also in extreme environments such as Amazon equatorial rainforests, subtropical, deserts, warm middle latitude zone, tundra, and glaciers.

025

Aurora borealis in Yellowknife, central north Canada

026

Topography; glaciers in New Zealand, Alaska, and Patagonia

027

Fault topography; active strike-slip fault Median tectonic Line, SW Japan

028

San Andreas Fault, California, USA

029

African Rift Valley (step-wise topography) in East Africa with active volcanoes such as carbonatite

030

Grand Canyon, USA; rifting of continent with rising plume head and high-speed erosion

031

Glacial topography, (1) U-shaped fjord, (2)huge stray rocks, gravel beds (morain), and (3) drumlins

032

Niagara Falls near Big Five lakes, North America

033

Dead Sea and the oldest book of the Bible

034

Sahara and Gobi Deserts

035

Migrating Lake Lop Nor, western China

036

Spectacular tower-like A-type granite in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

037

Angel Falls in the Guinea highlands, and origin of carbonate platforms in Late to Early Cambrian

038

Meteorite craters created by (icy) meteorite bombardment

039

Active volcanoes, (1) Hawaiian shield volcanoes, (2) Strato-volcanoes, such as Mt. Fuji, caldera-shaped double-ring volcanoes such as Mt. Aso, Japan, Lake Taupo, New Zealand, or Yellowstone National Park, (3) hot-spot volcano in Iceland, (4) flood basalts, Deccan Plateau, India, (5) Superplume volcanoes in Tahiti, southern central Pacific, (6) highly explosive eruption and resultant shape of volcano, Mt. Bandai, central Japan, (7) Mt. Vesuvius, Italy and Pompeii (buried Roman town in Italy), (8) Subduction process along Pacific margins

III. Plate Boundary processes

040

Active Plate Boundary processes, (1) collision of intra-oceanic arc against Honshu arc, Japan, (2) Collision of India against Asia; Himalayan mountains, (3) Tibetan plateau, (4) Alps (Europe), (5) New Zealand (transform F), (6) San Andreas F. (7) Iceland hotspot with mid-oceanic ridge

IV. Classical localities in the history of the Earth

041

Volcanic neck; Edinburgh Castle, Scotland, and development of geologic concepts in UK

042

Hutton's Unconformity

043

Geomagnetic reversals discovered by Prof. Matsuyama of Kyoto University

044

Huge thrust planes at the Matterhorn, Swiss Others: Steno, Italy (Firenze), Lyell, Stille (Germany), Greenly ( mélange, Anglesey, England)

045

Barrow's mineral zones, southern Scotland, UK

V. Outcrops providing significant evidence of the history of life and the planet

1) Mantle-derived rocks

046

Peridotite body at St. Pole Island, Central Atlantic

047

Mantle-derived rock xenoliths from Lesotho south Africa, Solomon Islands, and Hawaiian Islands

048

Tibet, a huge plateau formed by the delamination of subducted lithosphere

2) Cenozoic

049

Nummulites from the Pyramids (Egypt)

050

Paris basin with vertebrates (France)

051

Alpine folding (Switzerland)

052

Matterhorn-doubled crusts (Italy)

053

Tauern Fenster (Switzerland)

054

Evaporite in the whole Mediterranean sea: Messinian crisis

055

Himalayan orogeny (Nepal)

056

Last Glacial Mamimum in New York (USA)

057

Continental rifting of Basin & Range (USA)

058

Columbia River Basalt (USA)

059

Snake River Basalt and hotspot track (USA)

060

Phosphorite nodules (New Zealand)

061

Barringer Meteorite Crater (USA)

062

Antarctic meteorites: largest collection of meteorites

063

Remnants of erosion of 1 m diameter sandstone sphere on a beach, New Zealand

064

Evolving life: (1) African rifts, (2) Lake Victoria and Tanganyika and evolving fishes, onland Galapagos, (3) Galapagos Islands, tortoise, iguana, (4) Short-range species improvements by human beings

3) Mesozoic

065

Hallstadt limestone (Austria)

066

Triassic bedded chert and accretionary complex in Inuyama (Japan)

067

Triassic reptiles: evidence for continental drift (Brazil)

068

Petrified forest in Arizona (USA)

069

Jurassic Solenhofen limestone with Archaeopteryx (Germany)

070

Jurassic feathered bird in Liaoning (China)

071

Cretaceous dinosaur graveyard in Utah (USA)

072

Kimberlite at Kimberley (S. Africa)

073

Semail Cretaceous ophiolite (Oman)

074

Jadeite-bearing blueschists in California (USA)

075

Turbidite in Calavaca (Spain)

076

Cretaceous chalk at Dover Strait (UK/France)

077

Porphyry Copper deposits (Bolivia)

078

Chixulub crater: dinosaur-killer (Mexico)

079

K-T boundary at Gubbio (Italy)

080

Kimberlite pipes, South Africa, and mantle processes

081

First flying dinosaur fossils, China (origin of birds)

082

The oldest bird fossils from Germany

083

World's largest T-Rex (Sue specimen), Kansas, USA

084

Ammonite fossil walls from S. America

085

Fossils of Cretaceous forests near North Pole, Ellesmere island, North Pole Sea

086

Trilobites from Morocco

087

Fossil walls along the Dover Strait (World Heritage)

4) Paleozoic

088

Phosphorite deposits/nodules in Yunnan (S.China)

089

The Burgess Shale (Canada)

090

The Ordovician gigantic trace fossil (Spain)

091

Larvikite-moonstone (Norway)

092

Skaeagard complex (Greenland)

093

Barrovian metamorphic belt (UK)

094

The first land plants (UK)

095

Devonian ocean anoxic event (Czech)

096

Catskill delta (USA)

097

Amphibian's land invasion

098

Carboniferous cyclothem

099

Footprint of Pederupus (Ireland)

100

Gondwana glaciation (Brazil)

101

Karoo basin (S. Africa)

102

Capitan reef (USA)

103

P-T Boundary event on the platform at Meishan (China)

104

Diamond-bearing regional metamorphic belts of the world, Kazakhstan, Central Asia

105

P/T Boundary event in open sea, Inuyama, Japan

106

V/C Boundary, S China, Three Gorges Region

107

Devonian Carbonate platform, Guiliin, S. China

108

Old red sandstones (Devonian) dragonfly and centipede

5) Late Proterozoic

109

Ediacaran fauna from Flinders Range (Australia)

110

Snowball Earth II in Three Gorges area (China)

111

Dropstone (Namibia)

112

The first geological map of Anglesey (UK)

113

Cradle of animals at Grand Canyon (USA)

114

Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary in Avalon (Canada)

6) Middle Proterozoic

115

Grypania: The first eukaryote from Michigan (USA)

116

Carbonates in Baffin Island (Canada)

117

Acritarch fossils (algal plankton etc.)

118

Proterozoic juvenile crust in Yavapai-Mazatzal belt (USA)

119

Tidal rhythmite in Utah (USA)

7) Early Proterozoic

120

The first snowball Earth: Huronian diamictite (Canada)

121

Sudbury meteorite impact Crater (Canada)

122

The oldest megafossil (Gabon)

123

Shungite (Finland)

124

Uranite beds (Canada)

8) Archean

125

The Earth's oldest rock: Acasta gneiss (Canada)

126

The oldest sedimentary rocks in Isua (Greenland)

127

The oldest microfossils at the North Pole (W.Australia)

128

Komatiite along Komati river (S. Africa)

129

Archean flood basalt: Mt. Roe basalt (W. Australia)

130

The oldest stromatolite swarm: onset of photosynthesis (W. Australia)

131

Banded iron formation in Pilbara (W. Australia)

132

The oldest glaciation in Pongola (S. Africa)

133

2.6-2.7 Ga Stromatolites along the continental platform suggesting large-scale photosynthesis and resultant O2-increase, Redmont Western Australia

134

2.7 Ga mantle overturn and layered intrusion of mafic magma into the craton, Zimbabwe, Africa, Great Dyke

9) Hadean

135

Narrier Complex, W. Australia; Hadean zircons back to 4.4 Ga

136

Anorthosites on the Moon (Photo)